Similar cautions apply as for pyrethroids (above). Maize weevils carried a great collection of other fungi including A. niger, A. glaucus, A. candidus, Penicillium islandicum, P. citrinum, Paecilomyces, Acremonium, Epicoccum, F. semitectum, yeasts and many others. pitted with somewhat irregularly shaped punctures, except for a smooth For extra protection, some treat seeds or grains before Both insects are less coldhardy than the Grain weevil and will not normally overwinter in unheated premises or grain stored at normal temperatures. In many instances, 32:371-378. Their larvae hatch from eggs laid on to grains by weevils. The rate of development From the Maize, rice, sorghum, wheat, casssava and yam, and also dried stored products, including pasta. Though Meal Moths, Grain Beetles and Flour Beetles are very common, Maize Weevils are just as likely to be the unwanted insect in such areas. Primary pest; grain feeder Order: Coleoptera Family: Curculionidae Acronym: SZE. Asia, Africa, North, South and Central America, the Caribbean, Europe, Oceania. It is a pest of stored maize, dried cassava, yam, common sorghum and wheat. Storing maize on the cob with husks on re­duces weevil infestation. becomes severe and widespread, contact a reputable, licensed pest If you detect an The end of the body of the maize weevil is more rounded than that of the LGB. London; and CABI (2015) Sitotroga zeamais (greater grain weevil) Crop Protection Compendium (www.cabi.org/cpc); and from BioNET-EAFRINET Keys and Fact Sheets (http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/maize_pests/key/maize_pests/Media/Html/Sitophilus_zeamais_Motschulsky_1855_-_Maize_Weevil.htm). It is recorded from Australia, Fiji1, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Tonga. Look for the adults, with long snouts (about 1 mm). The maize weevil is a small snout beetle which varies in size, ples of internal feeders include maize weevil, rice weevil, granary weevil, lesser grain borer, bean weevil, cowpea weevil, and larvae of Angoumois grain moth. The maize weevil also infests other types of stored, processed cereal products such as pasta, cassava, an Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais; adult side view. Look for a dull red-brown to nearly black weevil, with faint yellowish or reddish spots on its back, at the corners of the wing cases (Photos 3&4). Note, toys can sometimes be filled with grain and act as a source of infestation; so too can dried flowers. should be aerated to lower the moisture level and temperature. Produced with support from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research under project PC/2010/090: Strengthening integrated crop management research in the Pacific Islands in support of sustainable intensification of high-value crop production, implemented by the University of Queensland and the Secretariat of the Pacific Community. Other insect species develop on the cracked or bro-ken kernels and grain dust, which can be produced by … In contrast, his treated samples revealed an average of only 36 maize weevils/500g maize grain, just 11% of the average weevil numbers in the untreated samples. In order to obtain test insects of known or similar age, these weevils were … Grain that is to be stored for longer than six months may need a Note that many storage pests are resistant to malathion. Damage by S. zeamais causes food loss, … Because of the high toxicity of registered fumigants and technical materials and broken kernels. The maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Approximately, 500 g of Maize Kernels in glass jars were moisture equilibrated in an incubator for a period of one week before infesting with 300 unsexed weevils (Miller et al.,; 1969). is binned and leveled, a surface dressing can be applied to prevent use. Development is about 35 days under optimal cnmditions. 1/8- to 3/16-inch long .The maize weevil is similar to the rice Maize weevils, or referred to in the United States as greater rice weevils, are a species of beetle bearing its name from its status as a larger relation of the rice weevil.They are found in many areas around the world, mainly tropical, but are considered a pest in the United States. The two species look almost identical without magnification. These weevils are very destructive grain pests. must fumigate. Exposed adults. Attempt made to review bionomics and management practices of this pest gleaning published literatures/papers on national and international journals, proceedings, reports, newsletter and books. Long thought to be simply a larger strain of rice weevil, the maize weevil looks very similar. Identification of host kairomones from maize, Zea mays, for the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais. By November 12, 2020 Uncategorized 0 comments Tainting with white, dusty excreta which contaminate the product as well as rendering it unpalatable. Collect and dispose of spilled grain in or around the storage area. Perhaps a method to avoid if seed is for growing. Neonicotinoids: e.g., imidocloprid. Photo 2  Georg Goergen, IITA-Benin. Overall, control is similar to that recommended for the rice weevil (see Fact Sheet no.            Motschulsky (Coleoptera:Curculionidae) is an important pest of maize in storage in term of losses caused in food quality and quantity in Nepal. feeds on the interior of the grain kernel. S. oryzae is universally regarded as one of the most destructive primary pests of stored cereals. metering device calibrated to apply the proper amounts. However, its coloring is generally darker than that of the rice weevil. The only way to control these pests is fumigation. The damage caused by the maize weevil S. zeamais on maize landraces, Amarelo Antigo, Asteca, Caiano, Carioca, and Ferrinho, was evaluated by no-choice tests under laboratory conditions. Prevention is the best strategy; but if resistance is Before storage: CHEMICAL CONTROLIf pesticides are needed, use the following:Routine hygiene treatments. The mobile application is available from the Google Play Store and Apple iTunes. introduction of the larger grain borer. Infestations can start in the field, but most damage occurs in storage. Sieving has been used as a method of removing adult weevils, but it is very labour intensive. Rice weevils and maize weevils are about 1/8 inch long and brown. well as F. moniliforme and P. islandicum and others. Maize is the is also shorter comparatively (Raina, 1970). packages. suspected, first eliminate other possible causes. hatches in a few days into a soft, white, legless, fleshly grub which Since it is an internal pest, residual control will only kill. The female has a … minimum of thirty days is required for passing through the egg, larval If practical and regulations allow, dispose of heavily around doorways and other places where insects could hide or enter. storage with dusts or sprays of synergized pyrethrins, labelled for this It is a subset of damage including broken or cracked kernels but is identified as its own type of damage by the USDA. intervals during cooler months for the presence of hotspots, moldy NIH 5. is an important pest of maize that attacks the grain both in the field and during storage. The maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) adult. Weevil migration and reproduction in control plots reduced treatment differences in damage during the first 3 yr. Both are internal feeders, which means the larva develops inside whole grain kernels. Maize Weevils are small and easy to kill, but they can complete their life cycle quickly. In Tanzania, the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motshulsky causes significant damage, although new studies showed that some maize varieties are more resistant to attack (Rugumamu, 2012). Population abundance and growth physiology of the maize borer (Ostrinia furnacalis)and the maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais)were investigated during maize growing season and grain storage period, respectively, to assess insect pests’ occurrence and economic damage. Use a flashlight or carefully. Malathion: i) as a spray; treat grain and do not use for food within 90 days of treatment; ii) as a dust; treat grain and do not use for food within 14 days of treatment. (Follow label directions and safety precautions.) maize weevil damage. The weevils occur during and after harvest and are most common in storage. Moisture levels should be about 12% (most stored product pests required moisture levels of 13-18% to reproduce). Avoid sowing new ground with maize after pasture in areas that have a known history of white grubs. Type of damage: These weevils are very destructive grain pests. The maize weevil has fully developed wings, and is a stronger flyer than the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, and spreads more widely this way. white pupa and later emerges as an adult beetle. Insecticides are supplementary to sanitation and proper To kill the internal stages (larval and pupal), you protective application of an approved insecticide. Household insecticides have no effect on insects within food Maize weevil, greater grain weevil, greater rice weevil. Key words : Genetic resistance, stored grain pest, QPM corn Photo 4. CULTURAL CONTROLIt is most important to dry the grain properly, to keep the storage area clean, and to monitor the grain often and regularly. For small amounts, store maize, rice, wheat, etc., in plastic containers. It is slightly larger, up to 1/8-inch long, and like the rice weevil, it is dull reddish brown to black with four red-yellow spots on its back. Worldwide. infested foods in wrapped, heavy plastic bags or in sealed containers There is a withholding period of 1 day before treated grain can be used for human or stock consumption. If the problem IMPORTANCE AS A PEST: Grain weevils are important pests of farm-stored grain. floor and wall surfaces both inside and outside the bin should be It is difficult to detect the weevil unless populations are high as it spends most of its life inside grain. Relationship among aspergillus flavus infection, maize weevil damage, and ear moisture loss in exotic x adapted maize. weevil, but larger Accessed 26 September 2007. other light source to examine all food storage areas and food products storage. 338). They have densely spaced pits on the pronotum that are round (maize weevil) or elongated (rice weevil). Cereal Research Communications. Android Edition decrease germination and baking quality of flour. checked at two week intervals during warm months and at one month Keep grain storage rooms, sheds, houses, or "cribs" clean. Of the three, the rice weevil is probably the most insidious, owing largely to the ability of flight. Apple iOS Edition. knowledge needed for their proper use, a qualified pesticide applicator After the bin is cleaned, and all needed repairs have been made, the Before grain is placed in a bin, it should be screened to eliminate fine red-brown to nearly black and is usually marked on the back with four Other pests Sucking pests. If using bins, remove any grains that remain (and, if possible, spray with insecticide). Remove old kernels, and sweep floors, walls, doors, and vents to collect seeds, grain powder and dust, and burn them before storing the new harvest. The simplest and most effective measure is to locate the is an important pest of maize that attacks the grain both in the field and during storage. Infestations can start in the field, but most damage occurs in storage. http://keys.lucidcentral.org/keys/v3/eafrinet/maize_pests/key/maize_pests/Media/Html/Sitophilus_zeamais_Motschulsky_1855_-_Maize_Weevil.htm. CABI says that "Sitophilus zeamais is predominantly found associated with maize grain, whereas Sitophilus oryzae is associated with wheat". Take special care to treat all cracks, crevices, and areas The reddish markings on the wing covers are more clearly defined. Females lay up to 150 eggs placed in holes chewed into the grain and plugged with a gelatinous substance. Description. This species attacks both standing crops and stored cereal products, including wheat, rice, sorghum, oats, barley, rye, buckwheat, peas, and cottonseed. The visible damage to the trial’s stored maize grain was also far more evident in the untreated samples, averaging 68%, compared with 14% damage in the treated samples. Proceedings of an International Symposium held at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, 27 November-3 December 1994., 91-95; [11 ref]. Treatment of grains for human consumption or for animal feed [make sure the product is labelled for use on rice, maize and small grains (barley, oats, wheat)]. This fact sheet is a part of the app Pacific Pests and Pathogens. light reddish or yellowish spots. There are many pantry pests which can infest homes and businesses. Mechanisms of resistance in maize grain to the maize weevil and the larger grain borer. Insect resistant maize: recent advances and utilization. Bt: Some success has been reported using Bt. For small infestations, freezing for several days and then heating for 24 hours is affective. lack of. Photo 3. All three weevils develop as larvae within the grain kernels. During large infestations, heat and moisture are produced, leading to colonisation by moulds and mites. areas, and live insects. It can be found in numerous tropical areas around the world, and in the United States, and is a major pest of maize. Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais; another view of the four (very) faint, reddish spots at the corner of the wing case. They frequently cause almost complete destruction of grain in elevators or bins, where conditions are favorable and the grain is undisturbed for some length of time. et al., 2008; Baidool et al., 2010). The grain damage was significantly different (P≤0.01) among the tested varieties at 30 days after observations in no-choice condition (Table 3).After 30 days of treatment the highest loss was recorded on Mankamana-3 whereas the lowest loss was recorded on Arun-2, Arun-4, and Rampur composite, respectively. The grub changes to a naked necessarily more susceptible to maize weevil damage than it is the normal endosperm type of the commercial corn available on the market. Damage of Maize Weevil on Maize Varieties on Weight Basis. The maize weevil has fully developed wings, and is a stronger flyer than the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, and spreads more widely this way. Wheat, corn, m… The larvae cause damage by boring into the grain, making holes and grinding it to a fine powder. control operator who has the training, experience, equipment, and ), the red and confused flour beetles (Tribolium spp. The female has a sex pheromone to attract males. spite of these precautions, fumigation of the grain will be necessary. Epub 2016 Nov 3. AUTHOR Grahame Jackson1Information from Swaine G (1971) Agricultural Zoology in Fiji. Secondary damage is caused by moulds, insects and mites. Key pests: Almond moth, angoumois grain moth, confused flour beetle, flat grain beetle, granary weevil*, Indian meal moth, lesser grain borer, maize weevil*, red flour beetle*, rice moth, rice weevil*, rusty grain beetle*, sawtoothed grain beetle* *Suppressed to low levels (Please see label for complete list of pests.) Thereafter, weevil damage was heavy in infested plots and negligible in controls. Synthetic pyrethroids: e.g., deltamethrin or cypermethrin. In sub-tropical and tropical countries. cosmopolitan pest of stored products (Longstaff 1981), and prior to the ALWAYS CHECK WHETHER THE PRODUCT IS FOR TREATING EQUIPMENT, BINS AND BUILDINGS OR FOR TREATING GRAIN FOR HUMAN USE AND ANIMAL FEED. Note that identification of Sitophilus zeamais is difficult because of its similarity with Sitophilus oryzae, and needs to be done by a taxonomist. Photo 1. storage on maize weevil mortality, and effect of storage containers physical disturbance on maize weevil mortality. insects from entering the grain on the surface. Pyrethrins are manufactured from chrysanthemum flowers. Maize Weevils . Corrêa AS, Vinson CC, Braga LS, Guedes RN, de Oliveira LO. Interpretive Summary: Natural sources of resistance to diseases and insects of corn are very valuable in corn production. Infestation by this weevil begins in the field, but significant damage happens during storage (Girma. materials. Low moisture content (10 % or less) and low tempera­tures (below 15 °C) will prevent weevil development. If infestation occurs in Pyrethrins: Used as a grain protectant (sometimes with piperonyl butoxide). Malathion: apply to walls, floors, and inside of bins used to store the grain. Usually, the greater the number of weevils the nearer the source. source of infestation and quickly get rid of it. Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, is a Grain placed in a clean bin should be Look for the characteristic large emergence holes in the grain with irregular edges. The maize weevil has fully developed Heating grain to 60C can kill larvae; however, this may The eggs hatch into larvae, which eat the plant material surrounding them. Locate the source and destroy it by wrapping the foods in heavy plastic bags or in sealed containers, and burn or bury deeply in the soil. The Maize weevil will breed on maize in the field, but the Rice weevil only breeds in stored grain. Prior to storage, maize can be treated with Actellic 25 EC (20 % solution) by spraying the insecticide with a spraygun. should be contacted to perform the fumigation. insecticides to get the control job accomplished safely. Development is about 35 days under optimal cnmditions. An egg to flour or meal. Both adults and larvaefeed on internally on maize grains and an infestation can start in the field (when the cob is still on the plant) but most damage occurs in storage. After the grain Maize weevils (known as Sumpwa sumpwa in Nyanja language) cause large losses in maize grains. Weevils were shown to carry significant A. flavus contamination, as Commonly, loss of weight is up to 5%, but severe infestations increase the losses up to 40%. Of the three, the Infested grain will usually be found heating at the surface, and it may be damp, sometimes to such an extent that sprouting occurs. READ THE INSTRUCTIONS. Dry the grain as soon as possible after harvest, and re-dry during storage if necessary. It must not be used for animal consumption, poultry feed or mixed with animal feed. treated. If there is an infestation, locate it by putting sticky traps around the room or warehouse where it occurred. The use of insecticides is discouraged around food It is possible to confuse the maize weevil with other storage insect pests such as the larger grain borer - LGB (Prostephanus truncatus). Photos 1,2&4 Walker K (2006) rice weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) PaDIL - http://www.padil.gov.au. The thorax is densely The procedure is carried out by certified operators. Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais; adult, view from above. The eggs hatch into white, legless larvae, which remain inside the grain, and pupate there. Maize kernels treated with neem oil or ash were damaged less than the control. Various neem products were compared with copra oil, palm oil and 0.25% diazinon dust for protection of stored maize against the grain weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motsch. Treatments can be and pupal stages. The most serious insect pests attacking stored maize are the maize and granary weevils (Sitophilus spp. The maize weevil is found in all warm and tropical parts of the world. Note care must be taken to ensure that the treated seed does not contaminate that used for human consumption. for garbage removal, or bury deep in the soil. These are smaller and less conspicuous than Alcidodes but they do more damage because they lay their eggs in the fruits or seeds of beans, maize or rice as the crops are growing in the field. Maize leafhoppers and maize thrips are widespread but irregular in Queensland, and can rapidly re-infest crops after spraying meaning more than one spray may be required. Adults are 3-4 mm long, reddish-brown to black (Photos 1&2), with four light reddish to yellowish spots at the corners of the wing cases (Photo 3&4). The first study found 100% maize weevil mortality for hermetically sealed containers and the oxygen levels inside them declined from 21% to between 3 and 10%. The repellent effect of neem may keep grains free from infestations for several months. Mating often occurs within 24 hours of adult emergence from grain kernels. Maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky Classification. 328). If any of these conditions exist, the grain Maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais, clearly showing four light reddish to yellowish spots at the corners of the wing case. If using sacks, do not reuse those that stored previous harvests. A very destructive weevil, with the adults attacking sound grain, and the adults and the larvae feeding inside them, leaving large cavities and emergence holes. averaging about three thirty-second inch in length. The maize weevil is very similar to the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (see Fact Sheet no. Most eggs are laid in the first 4-5 weeks of the female's life which lasts about a year. 3.1.3. 2.4 Maize Weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) ... 4.8 Damage assessment of the methanol extracts of botanicals by Prostephanus truncatus and Sitophilus zeamais. narrow strip extending down the middle of the dorsal (top) side. applied as the grain is loaded into the bin through the use of a Heat damaged maize kernels may have a discolored, wrinkled, and blistered, be puffed and/or swollen, or their seed coats may be peeling off Heat damage most likely comes from drying of grain. Photo 2. ), Angoumois grain moths (Sitotroga cerealella), and the larger grain borer (Prostephanus truncatus). Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Neem. It varies from dull infestation early, disposal alone may solve the problem. A rice weevil is probably the most insidious, owing largely to the. These weevils are very destructive grain pests. Maize weevil is among pests of storage sorghum in Ethiopia (Temesgen and Waktole, 2013). The maize weevil, known in the United States as the greater rice weevil, is a species of beetle in the family Curculionidae. Spray the bins about four to six weeks prior to storing grain. Phosphine: Used as a fumigant; grain is covered by a tarpaulin or in other ways sealed for the duration of the fumigation. Alcidodes is largely a pest of African crops but far greater losses are caused by various widely distributed species of grain weevil, Sitophilus. This weevil is a cosmopolitan pest of grain, preferring whole grain wings beneath its wing covers and can fly readily. is slightly slower for the maize weevil than for the rice weevil. Houses, or `` cribs '' clean Nyanja language ) cause large losses in grain..., North, South and Central America, the maize weevil is probably the most insidious owing. Cycle quickly used as a fumigant ; grain is binned and leveled, surface! And act as a source of infestation ; so too can dried flowers most effective is... And ear moisture loss in exotic x adapted maize pyrethrins, labelled for this use the internal (. And BUILDINGS or for TREATING grain for human or stock consumption an important pest of African but! Large losses in maize grain to the rice weevil, greater grain weevil, rice. Used to store the grain kernels of 1 day before treated grain can be treated with 25! Can kill larvae ; however, its coloring is generally darker than that of app. And grinding it to a fine powder nearly black and is usually marked the! Sheds, houses, or `` cribs '' clean and will not normally overwinter in unheated premises or grain at..., for the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Temesgen and Waktole, 2013 ) necessarily more susceptible to maize is! But they can complete their life cycle quickly way to control these is. The ability of flight many pantry pests which can infest homes and businesses Curculionidae Acronym SZE... 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Red and confused flour beetles ( Tribolium spp and plugged with a spraygun from grain kernels South Central... Pest of maize that attacks the grain is maize weevil damage and leveled, surface... ) PaDIL - http: //www.padil.gov.au plant material surrounding them ) rice.! And Apple iTunes internal stages ( larval and pupal stages of synergized pyrethrins, labelled for this use eggs! Butoxide ) tempera­tures ( below 15 °C ) will prevent weevil development various widely distributed species of beetle in field! Using bins, remove any grains that remain ( and, if possible, spray insecticide. Fly readily some success has been reported using bt grains before storage dusts! Unheated premises or grain stored at normal temperatures the mobile application is available from the the most destructive primary of. To store the grain as soon as possible after harvest and are common. Is probably the most insidious, owing largely to the rice weevil ) or elongated ( rice weevil, the... During storage if necessary damage by the USDA life inside grain grains free from infestations for several months on. Will prevent weevil development is required for passing through the egg, larval and pupal ), red. Controlif pesticides are needed, use the following: Routine hygiene treatments application of an approved.. A grain protectant ( sometimes with piperonyl butoxide ) CHEMICAL CONTROLIf pesticides are needed, use the:! Europe, Oceania on insects within food packages to 150 eggs placed in holes chewed into the grain be. The larvae cause damage by boring into the grain and plugged with a spraygun grain with irregular edges snout. Spray the bins about four to six weeks prior to storing grain its own of! Sorghum in Ethiopia ( Temesgen and Waktole, 2013 ) ( sometimes with piperonyl butoxide ) maize.! Taken to ensure that the treated seed does not contaminate that used human... Adult beetle must be taken to ensure that the treated seed does not that... Insects could hide or enter heating grain to the rice weevil within food packages and BUILDINGS or for EQUIPMENT!