The first informal camp meeting began in June, when people began camping on the grounds of the Red River Meeting House. It was led by people such as Charles Grandison Finney, Henry Ward Beecher, Lyman Beecher, E dward Everett and Joseph Smith. – Henry Ward Beecher. Add new page. All three of these congregations were under the ministry of James McGready. Barbara Leslie Epstein, The Politics of Domesticity. Ordinary people were encouraged to make a personal connection with God, instead of relying on a minister. List the 4 leaders of the Second Great Awakening. Birdsall, Richard D. "The Second Great Awakening and the New England Social Order". From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&oldid=6896292, Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License. Baptists and Methodists in the South preached to slaveholders and slaves alike. [17], As a result of the Revival of 1800, the Cumberland Presbyterian Church emerged in Kentucky and became a strong support of the revivalist movement. "Black Harry" Hosier, an illiterate freedman who drove Francis Asbury on his circuits, proved to be able to memorize large passages of the Bible verbatim and became a cross-over success, as popular among white audiences as the black ones Asbury had originally intended for him to minister. Second Great Awakening Timothy Dwight, Lyman Beecher , Nathaniel W. Taylor, and Asahel Nettleton. The Second Great Awakening occurred in several episodes and over different denominations; however, the revivals were very similar. [21], The Advent Movement emerged in the 1830s and 1840s in North America, and was preached by ministers such as William Miller, whose followers became known as Millerites. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revival meetings and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. [11], On the American frontier, evangelical denominations, especially Methodists and Baptists, sent missionary preachers and exhorters to meet the people in the backcountry in an effort to support the growth of church membership and the formation of new congregations. [14] Upon their return home, most converts joined or created small local churches, which grew rapidly. By the late 1840s, however, the great day had receded to the distant future, and postmillennialism became a more passive religious dimension of the wider middle-class pursuit of reform and progress. Lyman Beecher is not only one of the most famous preachers of the nineteenth century, but is also the father of several famous children, including minister Henry Ward Beecher and author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Most of the Scots-Irish immigrants before the American Revolutionary War settled in the backcountry of Pennsylvania and down the spine of the Appalachian Mountains in present-day Maryland and Virginia, where Presbyterian emigrants and Baptists held large outdoor gatherings in the years prior to the war. Daniel Walker Howe, "The Evangelical Movement and Political Culture in the North During the Second Party System", The Journal of American History 77, no. The revivals also followed an arc of great emotional power, with an emphasis on the individual's sins and need to turn to Christ, and a sense of restoring personal salvation. Churches with roots in this movement include the Churches of Christ, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada. Like the First Great Awakening a half century earlier, the Second Great Awakening in North America reflected Romanticism characterized by enthusiasm, emotion, and an appeal to the supernatural. [29] His sermon at Thomas Chapel in Chapeltown, Delaware, in 1784 was the first to be delivered by a black preacher directly to a white congregation.[30]. Revivals were a key part of the movement and attracted hundreds of converts to new Protestant denominations. [24]:368 Publication and education societies promoted Christian education; most notable among them was the American Bible Society, founded in 1816. Beecher married three times, after becoming a widower twice, and fathered 13 children. [19], The Methodist circuit riders and local Baptist preachers made enormous gains in increasing church membership. Despite being called the "greatest orator in America" by Benjamin Rush[31] and one of the best in the world by Bishop Thomas Coke,[30] Hosier was repeatedly passed over for ordination and permitted no vote during his attendance at the Christmas Conference that formally established American Methodism. The Great Awakening notably altered the religious climate in the American colonies. [33] Despite white attempts to control independent African-American congregations, especially after the Nat Turner uprising of 1831, a number of African-American congregations managed to maintain their separation as independent congregations in Baptist associations. Stephen Meardon, "From Religious Revivals to Tariff Rancor: Preaching Free Trade and Protection during the Second American Party System,". Soon after, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (AME Zion) was founded as another denomination in New York City. [7], In the early days of the nineteenth century, western New York State was called the "burned-over district" because of the highly publicized revivals that crisscrossed the region. These outdoor religious gatherings originated from field meetings and the Scottish Presbyterians' "Holy Fairs", which were brought to America in the mid-eighteenth century from Ireland, Scotland, and Britain's border counties. Conversions and congregations started with the First Great Awakening, resulting in Baptist and Methodist preachers being authorized among slaves and free African Americans more than a decade before 1800. [citation needed] Another key component of the revivalists' techniques was the camp meeting. Rate! How did the Second Great Awakening influence religion? The Methodist Church used circuit riders to reach people in frontier locations. The Methodists had an efficient organization that depended on itinerant ministers, known as "circuit riders", who sought out people in remote frontier locations. To immigrants in the early 19th century, the land in the United States seemed pristine, edenic and undefiled – "the perfect place to recover pure, uncorrupted and original Christianity" – and the tradition-bound European churches seemed out of place in this new setting. Rate it: Every artist dips his brush in his own soul, and paints his own nature into his pictures. Johnson, Charles A. The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious movement in the United States. Following in the footsteps of his father and his five brothers, Henry Ward displayed an early interest in religion. Members of these groups acted as apostles for the faith, and also as educators and exponents of northeastern urban culture. This differed from the Calvinists' belief in predestination as outlined in the Westminster Confession of Faith, which emphasized the inability of men to save themselves and decreed that the only way to be saved was by God's electing grace. Historians named the Second Great Awakening in the context of the First Great Awakening of the 1730s and 1750s and of the Third Great Awakening of the late 1850s to early 1900s. However, women took other public roles; for example, relaying testimonials about their conversion experience, or assisting sinners (both male and female) through the conversion process. "The Frontier Camp Meeting: Contemporary and Historical Appraisals, 1805–1840". The sheer exhilaration of participating in a religious revival with crowds of hundreds and perhaps thousands of people inspired the dancing, shouting, and singing associated with these events. "The Historiography of the Second Great Awakening and the Problem of Historical Causation, 1945–2005". Husbands, especially in the South, sometimes disapproved of their wives' conversion, forcing women to choose between submission to God or their spouses. Evangelists often directly addressed issues such as slavery, greed, and poverty, laying the groundwork for later reform movements. He was the eighth of the Rev. The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States. (B) more reliant on women as members and social reformers. [24]:368 While the leaders of one of the two primary groups making up this movement, Thomas Campbell and Alexander Campbell, resisted what they saw as the spiritual manipulation of the camp meetings, the revivals contributed to the development of the other major branch, led by Barton W. Lyman Beecher is not only one of the most famous preachers of the nineteenth century, but is also the father of several famous children, including minister Henry Ward Beecher and author Harriet Beecher Stowe. The six-day gathering attracting perhaps as many as 20,000 people, although the exact number of attendees was not formally recorded. [34], Despite the predominance of women in the movement, they were not formally indoctrinated or given leading ministerial positions. [24]:368, Efforts to apply Christian teaching to the resolution of social problems presaged the Social Gospel of the late 19th century. Shiels, Richard D. "The Second Great Awakening in Connecticut: Critique of the Traditional Interpretation". Preacher and reformer, was born in Litchfield, Connecticut, the son of Lyman Beecher, a leader of the Second Great Awakening, and Roxana Foote. Religion. While the movement unified the colonies and boosted church growth, experts say it also caused division among those who supported it and those who rejected it. Home Menu Toggle; second great awakening leaders Various scholarly theories attribute the discrepancy to a reaction to the perceived sinfulness of youthful frivolity, an inherent greater sense of religiosity in women, a communal reaction to economic insecurity, or an assertion of the self in the face of patriarchal rule. "The Second Great Awakening in the Urban Centers: An Examination of Methodism and the 'New Measures, Cott, Nancy F. "Young Women in the Second Great Awakening in New England,". At its core, the Awakening changed the way that people experienced God. [38][39], Changing demographics of gender also affected religious doctrine. Griffin, Clifford S. "Religious Benevolence as Social Control, 1815–1860". Charles Grandison Finney, Henry Ward Beecher, Joseph Smith, Edward Everett. In 1800, out of African-American revival meetings in Virginia, a plan for slave rebellion was devised by Gabriel Prosser, although the rebellion was discovered and crushed before it started. Rate it: Books are not made for furniture, but there is nothing else that so beautifully furnishes a house. Interest in transforming the world was applied to mainstream political action, as temperance activists, antislavery advocates, and proponents of other variations of reform sought to implement their beliefs into national politics. Conforti, Joseph. It started in upstate New York in the 1790s, but spread to New England and the Midwest. As a result, local churches saw their roles in society in purifying the world through the individuals to whom they could bring salvation, and through changes in the law and the creation of institutions. Postmillennialists believed that Christ will return to earth after the "Millennium", which could entail either a literal 1,000 years or a figurative "long period" of peace and happiness. Search Sign In Don't have an account? By the early 19th century, independent African-American congregations numbered in the several hundreds in some cities of the South, such as Charleston, South Carolina, and Richmond and Petersburg, Virginia. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revival meetings and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. Especially in the Baptist Church, African Americans were welcomed as members and as preachers. George Fredrickson argues that Postmillennial theology "was an impetus to the promotion of Progressive reforms, as historians have frequently pointed out. This page was last edited on 16 December 2020, at 14:32. Beecher and his peers were greatly influenced by the Second Great Awakening, a Protestant religious revival of the early 1800s, firmly committed to abolishing slavery. The Second and Third Awakenings were part of a much larger Romantic religious movement that was sweeping across England, Scotland, and Germany. Early Baptist congregations were formed by slaves and free African Americans in South Carolina and Virginia. How did the people of the Second Great Awakening think they would bring about a Golden Age in America? Subsequent meetings followed at the nearby Gasper River and Muddy River congregations. 4 (March 1991), p. 1218 and 1237. International Conference of Reformed Churches, North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council, 13th Amendment to the United States Constitution, Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ethnocultural politics in the United States, "Backcountry Religious Ways: The North British Field-Meeting Style", "Religious Transformation and the Second Great Awakening", Introducing Black Harry Hoosier: The History Behind Indiana's Namesake, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) in the U.S. and Canada, Christian churches and churches of Christ, Rise of the Evangelical Church in Latin America, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Great_Awakening&oldid=994589470, History of Christianity in the United States, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2019, All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. This page was last changed on 11 April 2020, at 13:05. FANDOM. [3] As the most effective form of evangelizing during this period, revival meetings cut across geographical boundaries. Bratt, James D. "Religious Anti-revivalism in Antebellum America", Carwardine, Richard J. [24]:368 The Southern phase of the Awakening "was an important matrix of Barton Stone's reform movement" and shaped the evangelistic techniques used by both Stone and the Campbells. [35] Women also took crucial roles in the conversion and religious upbringing of children. Thanks Comments; Report [1] During the Second Great Awakening, thousands of people gathered at large religious meetings called revivals. After first submitting to oversight by the established Methodist bishops, several AME congregations finally left to form the first independent African-American denomination in the United States in 1816. The Presbyterians and Methodists sponsored similar gatherings on a regular basis after the Revolution. The Second Great Awakening led to new religious movements such as the Holiness Movement and the Mormons, and helped groups like the Methodist Church grow.[2]. 19th Century chromolithograph of a photo of Henry Ward Beecher. It was led by people such as Charles Grandison Finney, Henry Ward Beecher, Lyman Beecher, Edward Everett and Joseph Smith. [3] One of these was the Temperance Movement, which believed that drinking alcohol was not good for society. [36], The greatest change in women's roles stemmed from participation in newly formalized missionary and reform societies. The people of the Second Great Awakening thought they could bring about a Golden Age in America through religion. Through his religious studies, Beecher became enrapt in the question of slavery. Henry Ward Beecher, (born June 24, 1813, Litchfield, Conn., U.S.—died March 8, 1887, Brooklyn, N.Y.), liberal U.S. Congregational minister whose oratorical skill and social concern made him one of the most influential Protestant spokesmen of his time.. Beecher was influential in the Second Great Awakening, along with Charles Finney, Barton Stone and Peter Cartwright. Stone. Create or edit article. Baptists and Methodist revivals were successful in some parts of the Tidewater South, where an increasing number of common planters, plain folk, and slaves were converted. "Falling for the Lord: Shame, Revivalism, and the Origins of the Second Great Awakening.". – Henry Ward Beecher. Young people (those under 25) also converted in greater numbers, and were the first to convert. Beecher's Bibles Beecher City, Illinois Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Ohio) Second Great Awakening. Douglas Allen Foster and Anthony L. Dunnavant, Elizabeth J.Clapp, and Julie Roy Jeffrey, ed., Women, Dissent and Anti-slavery in Britain and America, 1790–1865, (Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2011): 13–14, Barbara Welter, "The Feminization of American Religion: 1800–1860," in Clio's Consciousness Raised, edited by Mary S. Hartman and Lois Banner. [42] In the midst of shifts in theology and church polity, American Christians began progressive movements to reform society during this period. [37] Through women's positions in these organizations, women gained influence outside of the private sphere. The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious revival during the early 19th century in the United States. Leaders such as Charles Finney saw women's public prayer as a crucial aspect in preparing a community for revival and improving their efficacy in conversion. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. In an effort to give sermons that would resonate with the congregation, ministers stressed Christ's humility and forgiveness, in what the historian Barbara Welter calls a "feminization" of Christianity. Due to the efforts of such leaders as Stone and Alexander Campbell (1788–1866), the camp meeting revival spread religious enthusiasm and became a major mode of church expansion, especially for the Methodists and Baptists. 268,882 Pages. Henry Ward Beecher (Litchfield, Connecticut; 24 de junio de 1813 - Brooklyn, Nueva York; 8 de marzo de 1887) fue un clérigo congregacionalista estadounidense y prominente abolicionista de la esclavitud.. Biografía. The congregations of these denomination were committed to individuals' achieving a personal relationship with Christ. Each denomination had assets that allowed it to thrive on the frontier. Nicely framed, 13.75 x 16.75, art is 11 x 14. [18] Cane Ridge was also instrumental in fostering what became known as the Restoration Movement, which consisted of non-denominational churches committed to what they viewed as the original, fundamental Christianity of the New Testament. It was led by people such as Charles Grandison Finney, Henry Ward Beecher, Lyman Beecher, E dward Everett and Joseph Smith. They founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) in Philadelphia. Settlers in thinly populated areas gathered at the camp meeting for fellowship as well as worship. They believed in the perfectibility of people and were highly moralistic in their endeavors. New religious movements emerged during the Second Great Awakening, such as Adventism, Dispensationalism, and the Latter Day Saint movement. In 1837, Beecher married Eunice White Bullard. The other was abolitionism, which wanted to end slavery. Thus, evangelical converts were leading figures in a variety of 19th century reform movements. [6] The movement quickly spread throughout Kentucky, Indiana, Tennessee, and southern Ohio, as well as other regions of the United States and Canada. By DEBBY APPLEGATE

The Reverend Henry Ward Beecher (1813-1887) was the most popular and controversial Christian minister in the United States for more than … He had 13 children, many of whom became notable people, including Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry Ward Beecher, Charles Beecher, Edward Beecher, Isabella Beecher Hooker, Catharine Beecher … [28] Social activism influenced abolition groups and supporters of the Temperance movement. Mathews, Donald G. "The Second Great Awakening as an organizing process, 1780–1830: An hypothesis". (D) more sympathetic to hierarchical churches like Catholicism. [23]:89 Several factors made the restoration sentiment particularly appealing during this time period:[23]:90–94, The Restoration Movement began during, and was greatly influenced by, the Second Great Awakening. [8][9] Charles Finney, a leading revivalist active in the area, coined the term. [16][17] Presbyterians and Methodists initially worked together to host the early camp meetings, but the Presbyterians eventually became less involved because of the noise and often raucous activities that occurred during the protracted sessions. The Second Great Awakening led to two movements in reform, that is, changing laws and behaviors to make society better. E. 3 (8) The Second Great Awakening Large religious revival from 1801-1845. Though its roots are in the First Great Awakening and earlier, a re-emphasis on Wesleyan teachings on sanctification emerged during the Second Great Awakening, leading to a distinction between Mainline Methodism and Holiness churches. Lyman Beecher [1775-1863] was a prominent Presbyterian preacher during the Great Awakening period and father to 13 children, including Henry Ward Beecher and Harriet Beecher Stowe. The circuit riders came from among the common people, which helped them establish rapport with the frontier families they hoped to convert. Beecher's Bibles Beecher City, Illinois Harriet Beecher Stowe House (Ohio) Second Great Awakening. [13], In the newly settled frontier regions, the revival was implemented through camp meetings. – Henry Ward Beecher. Lyman Beecher is not only one of the most famous preachers of the nineteenth century, but is also the father of several famous children, including minister Henry Ward Beecher and author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Women made up a large part of these voluntary societies. The awakening brought comfort in the face of uncertainty as a result of the socio-political changes in America. The Disestablishment of Religion and Lyman Beecher (he is a good example of the Great Awakening) One of the issues coming out of the Revolution is, what do we do … He was also a co-founder of the American Temperance Society. Among the new denominations that grew from the religious ferment of the Second Great Awakening are the Churches of Christ, Christian Church (Disciples of Christ), the Seventh-day Adventist Church, and the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada. They did not stem entirely from the Second Great Awakening, but the revivalist doctrine and the expectation that one's conversion would lead to personal action accelerated the role of women's social benevolence work. The Second Great Awakening led to a period of antebellum social reform and an emphasis on salvation by institutions. [2] It rejected the skepticism, deism, Unitarianism, and rationalism left over from the American Enlightenment,[3] about the same time that similar movements flourished in Europe. The Second and Third Awakenings were part of a much larger Romantic religious movement that was sweeping across England, Scotland, and Germany.[1]. His rhetorical focus on Christ's love has influenced mainstream Christianity to this day. Beecher was influential in the Second Great Awakening, along with Charles Finney, Barton Stone and Peter Cartwright. Following in the footsteps of his father and his five brothers, Henry … This duty extended beyond American borders to include Christian Restorationism. They formed political movements, including the Liberty Party, the Free Soil Party and the Republican Party (United States). Converts were taught that to achieve salvation they needed not just to repent personal sin but also work for the moral perfection of society, which meant eradicating sin in all its forms. It impacts race and religion and sex and gender. From the 1850s to the 1880s, Beecher … Whitefield ignited the Great Awakening, a major religious revival that became the first major mass movement in American history. The outpouring of religious fervor and revival began in Kentucky and Tennessee in the 1790s and early 1800s among the Presbyterians, Methodists and Baptists. Photographer name unreadable on label. The idea of restoring a "primitive" form of Christianity grew in popularity in the U.S. after the American Revolution. [26] The Female Missionary Society and the Maternal Association, both active in Utica, NY, were highly organized and financially sophisticated women's organizations responsible for many of the evangelical converts of the New York frontier.[27]. Important people involved in the second great awakening 1 See answer Answer 5.0 /5 1. guy1162buu +3 kvargli6h and 3 others learned from this answer It was led by people such as Charles Grandison Finney, Henry Ward Beecher, Lyman Beecher, Edward Everett and Joseph Smith. As a result, the numerical strength of the Baptists and Methodists rose relative to that of the denominations dominant in the colonial period—the Anglicans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists. Henry Ward Beecher (June 24, 1813 – March 8, 1887) was an American Congregationalist clergyman, social reformer, and speaker, known for his support of the abolition of slavery, his emphasis on God's love, and his 1875 adultery trial (see below). It was amid these circumstances that Lyman Beecher stood before his congregation in Litchfield , Connecticut, to deliver a series of sermons on the nature and dangers of intemperance. A 1932 source estimated at least three female converts to every two male converts between 1798 and 1826. While Protestant religion had previously played an important role on the American political scene, the Second Great Awakening strengthened the role it would play. State legislatures[which?] They moved to Lawrenceburg, Indiana, where Beecher had a job as a minister. Beecher was influential in the Second Great Awakening, along with Charles Finney, Barton Stone and Peter Cartwright. The Second Great Awakening, which spread religion through revival meetings and emotional preaching, sparked a number of reform movements. It led to the founding of several well known colleges, seminaries and mission societies. The Second Great Awakening began in the last decade of the 18th century and reached its peak in the second half of the 19th century, in the revivalist oratory and hymnody of camp ... and Henry Ward Beecher provided high drama, and elicited intense emotional responses from the congregation. Church membership and religious activity gave women peer support and place for meaningful activity outside the home, providing many women with communal identity and shared experiences. The Second Great Awakening served as an "organizing process" that created "a religious and educational infrastructure" across the western frontier that encompassed social networks, a religious journalism that provided mass communication, and church-related colleges. Lyman Beecher is not only one of the most famous preachers of the nineteenth century, but is also the father of several famous children, including minister Henry Ward Beecher and author Harriet Beecher Stowe. The Second Great Awakening was a Protestant religious movement in the United States. [12], The denominations that encouraged the revivals were based on an interpretation of man's spiritual equality before God, which led them to recruit members and preachers from a wide range of classes and all races. All seven of his sons, including Henry Ward Beecher, followed their father into the ministry. Women's prayer groups were an early and socially acceptable form of women's organization. To a lesser extent the Presbyterians also gained members, particularly with the Cumberland Presbyterian Church in sparsely settled areas. A primitive faith based on the Bible alone promised a way to sidestep the competing claims of the many denominations available and for congregations to find assurance of being right without the security of an established national church. [43], The religious enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening was echoed by the new political enthusiasm of the Second Party System. [32] With the growth in congregations and churches, Baptist associations formed in Virginia, for instance, as well as Kentucky and other states. They began efforts to reform prisons and care for the handicapped and mentally ill. [23]:89–94 This desire to restore a purer form of Christianity without an elaborate hierarchy contributed to the development of many groups during the Second Great Awakening, including the Latter Day Saints, Baptists and Shakers. A year later, in August 1801, an even larger sacrament occasion that is generally considered to be America's first camp meeting was held at Cane Ridge in Bourbon County, Kentucky, under Barton W. Stone (1772–1844) with numerous Presbyterian, Baptist, and Methodist ministers participating in the services. passed laws requiring them always to have a white man present at their worship meetings. [44] More active participation in politics by more segments of the population brought religious and moral issues into the political sphere. Lyman Beecher was a Presbyterian clergyman, temperance movement leader, and the father of several noted leaders, including Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry Ward Beecher, Charles Beecher, Edward Beecher, Isabella Beecher Hooker, and Catharine Beecher, and a leader of the Second Great Awakening of … Beecher attended Amherst College, beginning in 1830, at the peak of what is now known as the Second Great Awakening. [19][20], The converts during the Second Great Awakening were predominantly female. Main Menu. Richard Allen, the other black attendee, was ordained by the Methodists in 1799, but his congregation of free African Americans in Philadelphia left the church there because of its discrimination. [32], Women, who made up the majority of converts during the Awakening, played a crucial role in its development and focus. In addition to his own achievements, Beecher fathered 13 children, several of whom had significant … Methodist circuit riders came from among the common understanding among participants of reform movements founding several... England. [ 5 ], when people began camping on the frontier, Kentucky began. In Connecticut: Critique of the Second Great Awakening large religious meetings called revivals [ ]. South Carolina and Virginia addressed issues such as Charles Grandison Finney, Henry Ward Beecher Joseph... Seven of his father and his five brothers, Henry Ward Beecher is.! Territory of the Awakening continued in the Baptist Church, African Americans in South and! Population brought religious and moral issues into the political sphere movement, they were important as social venues colonies! The Liberty Party, the converts during the early 19th century in the 1790s, it... Gathering attracting perhaps as many as 20,000 people, which was promptly shut down by faculty. Frontier families they hoped to convert on in the area, coined the term so furnishes... Present at their worship meetings efforts to reform prisons and care for the Lord:,... God, instead of relying on a regular basis after the American Revolution Taylor, and Midwest! Order '' Party System the Kentucky frontier '', Meyer, Neil ] Upon return. Issues into the political sphere a college-educated clergy of converts to Every two male converts between and! Race and religion and sex and gender larger numbers than men three of these congregations were under the of! 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