One other criticism of his theory was directed on his idea of the unconscious mind. Two later papers-"Freud and Jung: Contrasts" and the introduction to a book by W. M. Kranefeldt-together form a basis for further study of Jung's reassessment of psychoanalysis. Some critics have an appreciation for Freud’s interpretation because of the popularity of his psychoanalytical theories. Psychoanalytic literary criticism can simply be defined as an approach to literature which aims to apply some of the techniques of psychoanalysis in the interpretation of literary works. However, with the publication of the Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual much of this lack of cohesion has been resolved. A similar criticism is that the minds of children do not attain as much trauma that Freud linked many psychological illnesses to. Between two-thirds and three-fourths of “neurotics” would recover naturally; this was no different from therapy clients. 1One finds in the history of psychoanalysis a particular pattern of justifying departures from traditional theory and practice by initially limiting claims of their applicability only to a particular class of patients and retaining traditional theory for the other “usual” patients. psychoanalysis: Criticisms of and Changes in Freudian Psychoanalysis. The psychoanalytic theory cannot be adequately tested because it was created in such a manner that the evidence to support the theory could not possibly be refuted. A survey of scientific research suggested that while personality traits corresponding to Freud’s oral, anal, Oedipal, and genital phases can be observed, they do not necessarily manifest as stages in the development of children. modern psychologists believe Freud's underestimated the role of learning and culture in shaping personality. One of the keystones in psychoanalytic theory is the concept of the unconscious. Because of this inability, the patient develops some acceptable symptom, such as headaches, for which he or she can then seek medical attention . Some theoretical criticism of psychoanalysis is based on the argument that it is over simplistic and reductive, because it reduces everything to the idea that we are all driven by our sexuality and does not take into consideration other factors. Psychoanalysis, in this regard, greatly depends upon these three parts to analyze someone’s personality or the way someone behaves. Freud’s insistence, in the first chapter of The Ego and the Id, that philosophers will recoil from his theory of the unconscious is clearly a forbear to Derrida’s understanding of metaphysical ‘self-presence’. Among philosophers, Karl Popper argued that Freud’s theory of the unconscious was not falsifiable and therefore not scientific. For example, if a client’s reaction was not consistent with the psychosexual theory then an alternate explanation would be given (e.g. The criticisms of Freud's theory can be grouped into three general categories. A form of literary interpretation that employs the terms of psychoanalysis (the unconscious, repression, the Oedipus complex, etc.) Criticism of Psychoanalysis. Two approaches are prominent: historical documentation and textual criticism. While Grunberger and Chasseguet-Smirgel were still disguised under the pseudonym, Lacan remarked that for sure none of the authors belonged to his school, as none would debase themselves to such low drivel. These critics of Freud stressed the interpersonal aspect of the analyst-patient relationship (transference), and placed more emphasis on … It argues that literary texts, like dreams, express the secret unconscious desires and anxieties of the author, that a literary work is a … For one, Freud's theory says that personality development occurs during childhood, but many modern psychologists say that this development is lifelong. As the psychoanalytic researcher Drew Westen puts it, “Critics have typically focused on a version of psychoanalytic theory—circa 1920 at best—that few contemporary analysts find compelling. Critics of psychoanalytic theory claim that it grossly exaggerates and generalizes human behavior. Strong criticism of certain forms of psychoanalysis is offered by psychoanalytical theorists. This deconstruction of Freud casts doubt upon the possibility of delimiting psychoanalysis as a rigorous science. Gérard Mendel, had instead published La révolte contre le père (1968) and Pour décoloniser l’enfant (1971). An increasing amount of empirical research from academic psychologists and psychiatrists has begun to address this criticism. Other commentators, such as Edward Timms, author of Karl Kraus – Apocalyptic Satirist, have argued that Kraus respected Freud, though with reservations about the application of some of his theories, and that his views were far less black-and-white than Szasz suggests. Some even accused Freud of fabrication, most famously in the case of Anna O. As for the historical approach, many hitherto unknown documents have been Some scientists regard psychoanalysis as a pseudoscience. Karl Kraus, an Austrian satirist, was the subject of a book written by noted libertarian author Thomas Szasz. I too find it hard to believe that all mental problems are the direct result of unresolved Oedipal and Electra complexes. However, there is no clean break between the theories of Freud and Jung. Instead, it was underlying information such as cognition, memory, perception, as well as emotion, but generally not the repressed kind. While we don't have the room here to discuss all of Freud's work, a general overview is necessary to explain psychoanalytic literary criticism. Both Freud and psychoanalysis have been criticized in very extreme terms. The Unconscious, the Desires, and the Defenses The purpose of Derrida’s analysis is not to refute Freud, which would only reaffirm traditional metaphysics, but to reveal an undecidability at the heart of his project. Many authors have attempted to integrate the various theories, with limited success. Due to the wide variety of psychoanalytic theories, varying schools of psychoanalysis often internally criticize each other. 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