The different slums were given names such as Whitechapel, Spitalfields, Bethnal Green and Old Nichol. The poor Victorian children lived in dwellings much different. senaterace2012.com - Browse photos of victorian era houses poor bbc primary history britain with resolution 787x465 pixel, filesize 0 KB (Photo ID #66232), you are viewing image #13 of 15 photos gallery. At the start of the Victorian era, educating a child was still an expensive business and only for the wealthy. There was no plumbing or bathrooms much less flushing toilets. In some cases, unscrupulous officers who trimmed expenses siphoned the savings for themselves. Home / London 1865 / The Victorian City / The Victorian Poorhouse. Oliver Twist must have been very hungry indeed to request another cup of gruel, the unappetizing and unsatisfying dietary staple of the poorhouse. Abuses in the House were widespread and well-documented, although regulations were revised frequently throughout the nineteenth century. Wealthy families lived in large Victorian houses three and sometimes four stories high with several rooms. The family was then separated, and in some cases the children and infirm were sent to other institutions, perhaps not even in the same locale. In the early Victorian era (see Poor Law), poverty was seen as a dishonorable state. The surviving image, although not entirely accurate, is a grim reminder that not everyone flourished during an era whose very touchstones were progress and prosperity. The ambiguous image of the poorhouse, or "The House" as it was frequently called (or the more ironic "The House of Industry"), reflects the ambiguous position of the poor, especially in the first half of the 19th century. They usually had servants that performed all the duties including cleaning the house, washing clothes and cooking supper. Victorian London - Houses and Housing - Housing of the Poor - Almshouses, list of Westminster contains several of these munificent foundations as the Red Lion Almshouses, in York-street, founded in 1577, for eight poor women, by Cornelius Van Dun, of Brabant, a soldier who nerved under King Henry VIII., at Tournay. Workers receiving low wages received supplemental income through parish funds, the stipend calculated by family size as well as wages. Workhouses had offered accommodation and employment to those too poor to support themselves since the 17th-century. ©2020 Regents of the University of California. With the advent of the Poor Law system, Victorian workhouses, designed to deal with the issue of pauperism, in fact became prison systems detaining the most vulnerable in society. Victorian Houses Rich and Poor. But a surprising aspect of society in the late 1800’s is that the wealthy upper class had their own curiosities about how the poor lower class lived. W. S. Pendleton House, 1855, Staten Island, New York. Charles Dickens’ second book, Oliver Twist (1838) contained the classic Victorian themes of grinding poverty, menacing characters, injustice and punishment. At the time, much of the prosperous English populace viewed the poor as social and moral outcasts. Nevertheless, the restrictive and often punitive measures associated with the Poor Law soon earned the House the unflattering nickname of the "Poor Law Bastille.". Separate buildings were initially recommended: one for the aged and infirm; one for children, with provisions for schooling; one for able-bodied females; and one for able-bodied males. Often parents were not allowed to speak to their children. The Victorian Houses that are so popular today with all their splendor and decorative trimmings only tell a small part of how Victorian children lived. Everyone except the feeble and children less than seven years of age performed the same work for the same number of hours and ate the same basic meals. But in 1834, the government, eager to slash spending on the rising number of paupers, passed the Poor Law Amendment Act, declaring that poor relief would now only be offered in the workhouse. If the board decided the applicant were sufficiently indigent, he or she was "offered" a place in the institution. These popular sentiments were supported by Malthusian philosophy, which dictated that money spent on the poor was money permanently removed from the wage pool, and Pauline doctrine, which stressed that the problem of poverty was omnipresent. Family goods were confiscated as the law decreed that all inmates must be totally without resources for admittance to the House. This mingling of the classes actually helped to lessen the upper and lower class barriers as time went by. And, indeed, one premise of the New Poor Law supported the idea that the workhouse was the last resort. Three days a week male inmates were served a pint and a half of broth, a pint and a half of gruel, five ounces of cooked meat, twelve ounces of bread, and eight ounces of potato. At the helm of the Victorian era, the number of rich people was small. The rendering to the left is an artists first hand impression of what a Victorian slum looked like. When readers first encounter Betty in the novel, she has her own little home and garden, models of cleanliness and industry. A poor Victorian family would have lived in a very small house with only a couple of rooms on each floor. Critics charged the Commission with inflating the number of able-bodied poor to incense the public and garner support for the New Poor Law. The specter of the Victorian Poorhouse haunts both history and literature. Victorian London - Houses and Housing - Housing of the Poor - Slums. The one principle virtually everyone agreed upon was the need for reform. The servants life was not anything to dream about but the servants quarters were still better than the poor families homes. Married couples initially were not allowed to live together regardless of their ages, as the Commission wanted to prevent pregnancy for obvious reasons. Pauper Palaces. As the overcrowding and conditions of the slums worsened it was harder to ignore. In some unions, unmarried mothers were forced to wear yellow gowns, branding them immoral as surely as if a scarlet "A" had been on their foreheads. Many public figures openly attacked the bill, and Dickens's comments in the postscript to Our Mutual Friend express the contempt many Victorians shared about the Poor Law. Betty Higden, of Our Mutual Friend, was one of these. Further complications arose over who qualified as the "deserving poor" and who did not, although the initial policy of separate facilities suggests an obvious delineation. The Victorian Era was the period of time when Queen Victoria reigned, which started on June 20th, 1837 and came to an end on January 22, 1901. Many of the elderly poor dreaded the poorhouse just as Betty did, doing their all to avoid admittance, because once admitted, they rarely left it except for burial in the pauper cemetery. The Workhouse System 1834-1929. As I’ve stated before the differences between the rich and the poor classes were vast. During that time period the Victorians came up with this idea to keep the poor and other disable/mentally ill people off the streets. If the applicant had children or dependant parents, the entire family was presented for admittance if relief was accepted. By the end of the Victorian era, many houses had gas. Poor Homes Poor people in Victorian times lived in horrible cramped conditions in run-down houses, often with the whole family in one room. Smoking was prohibited, as was reading -- even of the Bible. I believe there has been in England, since the days of the STUARTS, no law so often infamously administered, no law so often openly violated, no law habitually so ill-supervised." While a rich family might live in a large Beautiful house with several bedrooms, a large living room, a parlor and a dining room separate from the kitchen, poor children might have as little as one room for the family to live in. Many people scorned the poor rather than pitying them. Each facility differed dramatically from others depending on location and time period. The poor did not live in houses since property was next to impossible to acquire and the rich were the only ones who could afford to buy it. Digby, Anne. Diet was only one of many problems with the Poor Law regulations, however. Keep in mind that families were large in Victorian times, especially poor families. The applicant next met with medical examiners who determined whether he or she was able-bodied or infirm. Perhaps the indigent elderly should have been more provident. (Some exterior house photos are examples of Victorian style architecture and not actually from the Victorian era.). In this and other instances, the local board of guardians was often more humane than Poor Law legislation deemed necessary. Last modified: April 3, 2012 128.114.113.73, UC Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, Ca 95064. The ensuing policies reflected an almost-obsessive focus on morality while ignoring economic and social factors causing poverty. Many people during the Victorian years moved into the cities and towns to find work in the factories. The problem with this theory, of course, was that many of the poor deserved help and could not work even if jobs were available or make enough money to save anything. The accommodation provided was cheap, and quick to build. The meager menu was divided into three meals daily. Most of the harsh measures suffered by inmates before 1850 had been remedied. The Commission had neglected to conduct a thorough investigation of the causes of poverty, especially in urban areas. Crowther, M.A. We’ve always lived in and been fascinated by old houses. The wealthy Victorian Children and their families lived a much more elegant and privileged life than the poor families lived. On Fridays, they were served twelve ounces of bread, a pint and a half of gruel, fourteen ounces of suet or rice pudding, and two ounces of cheese. The problem of charity and how to best meet the needs of the poor remained, however, because poverty had not been eradicated as the Poor Law Commission had planned. On three alternating days of the week, men consumed twelve ounces of bread, a pint and a half of gruel, a pint and a half of soup, and two ounces of cheese. The fictional image actually exemplifies the nineteenth-century workhouse more than the poorhouse, and the two terms became synonymous. Sewage ran down the street since there was no underground sewage pipes. Victorian Houses of the Wealthy. Some no bigger than one room. Victorian Housing (built between 1837 and 1901) Millions of houses were built in the Victorian era thanks to the industrial revolution and the consequent housing booms. Emilio Guerra/Getty Images. If you look closely at some of the houses on the Baileys in Durham you can see the basements and attics. Victorian Children and Life in Victorian Times. A comprehensive Victorian Children history guide with facts and information on how the Victorian times impacted children in work, play, education and home life. The homes of the working-classes were very different. Cities filled to overflowing and London was particularly bad. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1978. The very poorest families had to make do with even less - some houses were home to two, three or even four families. Inmates led a regimented life in the House, especially in the early years of the New Poor Law. One example is found with the Bowlers, an adventurous family who volunteered to spend three months in a Victorian townhouse for a British television series, The 1900 House. The basic characteristics of Victorian houses were- Bay Windows, iron railings, no garages, roofs made of slate, Flemish brick bonding could be seen, patterns in the brickwork made from colored bricks, etc. Perhaps the unmarried mother should have made better moral choices. Victorian houses may be beautiful, but living in a genuine Victorian might be harder than you think. If the applicant declined, the board was absolved of any further responsibility. Sometimes two or more families would share an apartment. Many unions resisted legislative regulations because they believed governmental policy interfered with local control. The able-bodied poor received a disproportionate share of attention. Less money spent on food and coal meant more money in the administrative pocket. In retrospect, admittance to the House resembled admittance to a penal institution. Watch the slide show below to get a more vivid idea of a rich Victorian child’s home. Other rules were likewise bent, and treatment of inmates varied from union to union and board to board. The images merged because the two entities themselves merged, and the surviving image is that of the workhouse. While reading Oliver Twist, the one thing that really stuck out to me was Dickens’ criticisms of the poor laws of the Victorian era. The reason for this increase is not altogether clear. There were missionaries, social workers, charity workers and others who would visit the slums to help in any way they could. In towns poor people lived in back-to-back houses called terraced houses. Share on Facebook Pin . The difference between upper class and lower class was vastly greater than it is today. The one marked difference between the House and a prison was that inmates in the House could check themselves out, but doing so was a complicated process as well. In a time when the poor flocked to the cities from the country, the factory owners needed to house their new workers. The conscientious sector of society such as journalist, ministers and moral reformers debated accurately that the slums were brought on by a rapid growth in population and the explosion of industrialism during that time. Public grumbling soon arose, however, about poor families and unmarried women having children just to increase their income. The working-class Victorian home A row of Victorian terraces. Gruel, a thin porridge, was diluted at will. For example, at the start of Queen Victoria’s’ reign, only the rich had running water and boilers, however, by the end of the Victorian era, they had become fairly common for all. Once a week, inmates bathed and male inmates shaved -- all in the presence of workhouse staff. Photograph of the interior of a Victorian drawing room, c1890. The ambiguous image of the poorhouse, or "The House" as it was frequently called (or the more ironic "The House of Industry"), reflects the ambiguous position of the poor, especially in the first half of the 19th century. Overburdened parishes called on Parliament for help, and Parliament responded by appointing a commission headed by Edwin Chadwick to investigate the situation. Victorian era, the period between about 1820 and 1914, corresponding roughly to the period of Queen Victoria’s reign (1837–1901) and characterized by a class-based society, a growing number of people able to vote, a growing state and economy, and Britain’s status as the most powerful empire in the world. A subtle shift in public perception of the deserving poor also contributed to their obscurity. Her life changes after the boy's death, and she dismisses the Minders so Sloppy will have a chance to get a job. It is hard to adequately put into words how bad the conditions were for poor Victorian children. The amenities found in Victorian homes differ, depending on whether you're closer to the beginning or the end of the era, and whether you were rich or poor. Some books on hygiene and beauty towards the end of the Victorian era suggested that people with oily hair should wash their hair every two weeks or so and those with normal hair should wash it once per month. Applicants for relief first appeared before the board of guardians who decided if admittance were warranted. Learning Objectives: To investigate the differences between the lives of Rich and Poor Victorians. An ugly idea took root that perhaps all the poor were undeserving. The staggering cost of maintaining the poor soon became critical. Neither Whigs nor Tories wholeheartedly endorsed it, and every major urban newspaper denounced it. More enlightened Victorians, however, tried to alleviate conditions for the poor through education and moral guidance. This rule was later relaxed to allow married people at least 60 years of age to live together if they wished. In another poorhouse, an official inspection revealed that as many as seven people shared a bed because of overcrowded conditions. The nineteenth century saw a huge growth in the population of Great Britain. Many worked as chimney sweeps as they were small enough to fit up the chimneys. Various ideas have been put forward; larger families; more children surviving infancy; people living longer; immigration, especially large numbers of immigrants coming from Ireland fleeing the potato famine and the unemployment situation in their own country. The most prevalent problem was lack of uniform implementation. Wealthy families lived in large Victorian houses three and sometimes four stories high with several rooms. Rich Victorians favoured villas ( not the same as Roman villas), whilst the emerging middle classes of Victorian England lived in superior terraces with gardens back and front and a … “Slumming” became the name for this form of tourism. At the time, much of the prosperous English populace viewed the poor as social and moral outcasts. The Victorian Era. Women received slightly less, and children under age nine were fed at the discretion of the union master. The prevailing literary image of the poorhouse as a place of gross inhumanity, enforced deprivation, and unspeakable insensitivity, like many stereotypes, has some basis in fact, but certainly not all Victorian poorhouses fit that description. They had more than one bathroom and even had flushing toilets. In the late Victorian era London's East End became a popular destination for slumming, a new phenomenon which emerged in the 1880s on an unprecedented scale. A Rare Look Inside Victorian Houses From The 1800s (13 Photos) Dusty Old Thing. As the twentieth century approached, the poorhouse became a more humane place. I touched upon this a little bit in my last blog post, when I wrote about his use of satire to criticize those poor laws, but I thought it would be interesting (for myself and my blog) to do a little more in-depth research of those laws. The possibility of being forced into the poorhouse keeps her trudging until she dies, the money for her burial hidden in her clothing. Builders gave houses arches, pointed windows with diamond-shaped panes, and other elements borrowed from the Middle Ages.. Diagonal window muntins—dominant vertical dividers in … Many criticized the philosophy behind the law as well as the harshness of its measures. In January 1850, the Times mentions a pregnant woman who died on the steps of the Southampton poorhouse from exhaustion and starvation. As depicted by Charles Dickens, a workhouse could resemble a reformatory, often housing whole families, or a penal labour regime giving manual work to the indigent and subjecting them to physical punishment. They would actually put on their “common clothes” and go down to the slums for sight seeing trips. The wealthy Victorian Children and their families lived a much more elegant and privileged life than the poor families lived. The harsh system of the workhouse became synonymous with the Victorian era, an institution which became known for its terrible conditions, forced child labour, long hours, malnutrition, beatings and neglect. Credit Find My Past. He wrote, "But that my view of the Poor Law may not be mistaken or misrepresented, I will state it. Consequently, policies focused almost exclusively on eradicating the "shirkers" from the relief rolls, and the deserving poor, those least able to speak and act for themselves, faded to obscurity as surely as if they had slipped into the London fog. Victorian sentiment remained mixed about how to address the problem. Read on to find out more about the homes of poor families . Terraced Houses . All Rights Reserved. People crowded into already crowded houses. Rooms were rented to whole families or perhaps several families. These apartment buildings were not like the attractive apartments we have today. Some guardians were more lenient about this regulation than others, believing, for example, that a man's tools should be retained in case he were able to leave the House for prospective employment. The new legislation was very unpopular. Sloppy and two other orphans, the "Minders," operate a mangle (a machine for smoothing cloth) for her. Otherwise, the Victorian poor houses did not have running water, indoor bathrooms or toilets and water from the pumps would always be polluted. A nanny was hired to fulfill the children’s needs and was in many cases responsible for raising the children. It was the general opinion of many of the wealthy Victorian families that the slums were brought on because of laziness, sin and lack of principle and self-discipline among the people who lived there. Census returns for 1801 and 1851 show the population almost doubling during those years; between 1801 and 1911 it almost quadrupled, rising from about 9 million people to 36 million by 1911 (Long 2). Hence, applying for relief was a tacit admission of defeat and moral degradation. The Commission contended that different regulations for these groups necessitated separate housing and staff. The workhouse needed to be as unattractive as possible to give the poor an incentive to work and save. The recommended weekly menu for men had little variation. In Victorian society, rich and poor could find themselves living very close together, sometimes just streets apart. When Britain defeated the Dutch, French, and the Spanish in the American Revolutionary War (1775—1783), Britain managed to get possession of the East Coast of North America as well. Poor Houses in the Victorian Era When the first British Empire was established, there was a profitable trading system aimed to expand the empire. Well, by the Victorian era, things hadn’t changed much. Sometimes more than one family would live in an apartment to split the costs. Initially, meals were held in silence, and the diet was sparse at best. The difference between upper class and lower class was vastly greater than it is today. They were built very cheaply with little consideration for safety and attractiveness. A basement with a cellar for the storage of coal, required for open fires and to heat water. And so that was the destination for hundreds of deprived children – those, … Visits from "outsiders" were closely monitored. Sexual Violence Prevention & Response (Title IX). The symbol of this moralistic, short-sighted legislation remains: the image of the poorhouse -- a gaunt, grim building offering meager food and shelter at the expense of human dignity and hope. Fears of rising numbers of paupers materialized as increased industrialization and the enclosure acts forced many people to seek relief. Our childhood home was built in 1812 in a small, rural town and came with so many interesting stories and peculiarities that it often felt as if it was its own character. The houses would share toilets and water, which they could get from a pump or a well. The officer had refused her admittance despite a surgeon's recommendation that she be admitted. So most poor children learnt their letters and number at a local dame school, but by the time they were seven or eight years old, they were expected to start earning some money. Most poor families lived in small apartments. Victorian Durham: the homes of the poor. As early as 1795, the English implemented new remedies for poverty. Many of the upper class men and women alike would disguise themselves in lower class clothing and head to the slums for a night or two to indulge in the guilty pleasures that could be found in the streets and boarding houses of the slums. In some workhouses, officers were very humane and high-principled; officers in other workhouses more closely resembled the officious Mr. Bumble of Oliver Twist. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1981. Some families had as many as eight to twelve children or more. Exemplifies the nineteenth-century workhouse more than one bathroom and even had flushing toilets class barriers as time went by,. 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